All set for cold weather!

All set for cold weather!

89a4423e c9ab 4394 a575 5328c1ee1eeb 1024x912 1 | All set for cold weather! | This is fabulous Dairylea who came in to see us in what must be one of the most striking doggy coats we’ve seen this winter! We love it! As temperatures are starting to feel much more wintery, many dogs will benefit from an extra layer while they are out and about, especially if they are short-coated breeds like whippets, or if your dog is more senior in age as cold weather can exacerbate any joint pain. | Wellcare World | pain

This is fabulous Dairylea came in to see us in what must be one of the most striking doggy coats we’ve seen this winter! We it! As temperatures are starting to feel much more wintery, many will benefit from an extra layer while they are out and about, especially if they are short-coated breeds like whippets, or if your is more senior in age as weather can exacerbate any joint .

There are lots of other things we can do in the winter months to keep our furry companions happy and healthy. Click here to read our latest newsletter’s winter watch tips!

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The Feline Grimace Scale Helps You Know if Your Cat is in Pain

caregivers can successfully use this tool to spot acute in cats, study shows.

A tabby cat with a white bib lies down and looks at the camera
Photo: Heidi Bollic/Shutterstock

By Zazie Todd PhD

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Cats have a reputation for being inscrutable and It’s well known that it’s hard to spot when a cat is in pain, so the Feline Grimace Scale is an important breakthrough to help recognize the signs in their feline patients. New research shows that cat guardians can use the scale too.

This is great news for cats because it means people can more easily assess when their cat needs to go to the vet due to acute pain.

Dr. Beatriz Monteiro of the City University of Hong Kong, the first author of the paper, told me,

“This is the first study showing that cat caregivers are able to assess acute pain (e.g. pain after , abdominal pain) in cats. It is a great advance for feline welfare as cat caregivers become empowered to detect and quantify pain in their cats using the , and to look for veterinary care if needed.”

The Feline Grimace Scale involves looking at five aspects of the cat’s face, called action units: the cat’s ear position, orbital tightening (around the eye), muzzle tension, the position of the whiskers, and the position of the head. Looking at an awake cat is not busy doing things like grooming, each action unit is assessed as 0 (absent), 1 (moderately present, or uncertain), or 2 (obviously present). A score of 4 or above is taken to mean that the cat is in pain.

Purr covers all the essentials to ensure we are raising our cats right! Ingrid Johnson, Certified Cat Behavior Consultant
Purr: The Science of Making Your Cat Happy

Veterinarians can use the scale alongside their exam, the cat’s history, and clinical situation to decide if pain relief is needed.

The current study was conducted in both English and Spanish and advertised for participants on various cat, , and vet websites and social media accounts. The survey got a total of 1262 complete responses from cat guardians, who were asked to read the training manual and then score 10 photos of cats for each of the 5 action units. People’s responses were compared to those of 8 veterinarians.

The results showed no difference between cat guardians and veterinarians on 4 of the 5 action units. The exception was muzzle tension, which seemed to be harder for cat guardians to assess.

People’s success in using the scale was evident across the board, showing that everyone found it easy to use, regardless of gender, age, or other demographic characteristics.

This broad level of agreement is good news for cats as it means that cat guardians can look at the information on the Feline Grimace Scale website and use it to evaluate whether their cat is currently in pain. The scale is also available via an app for Android and Apple.

In case you are wondering about the photos of the cats used in the study, they had been used in previous studies too and were taken of cats before and after surgery, or before and after pain relief, for cats who had a painful condition or happened to need surgery.

It’s important to note that the scale was developed for acute pain only, such as pain after surgery, after suffering from trauma, from a wound, or because of pancreatitis. This scale cannot be used to assess chronic pain such as from osteoarthritis.

You can learn more about the scale in this Youtube video.

If you’d like to use the scale, you can read the training manual and practice your skills on the Feline Grimace Scale website. And if you’d like to read more about this research, the paper is open access and the link is below.

If you liked this post, check out my book Purr: The Science of Making Your Cat Happy. “Enjoyable, approachable, easy to read, Purr is a must for anyone who shares their life with a cat.”—Kate LaSala, Rescued by Training.

Zazie Todd, PhD, is the award-winning author of Wag: The Science of Making Your Dog Happy and Purr: The Science of Making Your Cat Happy. She is the creator of the popular blog, Companion Animal Psychology, and also has a column at Psychology Today. Todd lives in Maple Ridge, BC, with her husband, one , and two cats.
Useful links:

Reference

Monteiro, B. P., Lee, N. H., & Steagall, P. V. (2023). Can cat caregivers reliably assess acute pain in cats using the Feline Grimace Scale? A large bilingual global survey. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 25(1), 1098612X221145499. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X221145499

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Sinusitis Inflammation and Terahertz

Sinusitis Inflammation and Terahertz

is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the tissues lining the sinuses become inflamed due to infection, allergies, or environmental irritants. Sinusitis symptoms include or pressure in the face, , congestion, and post-nasal drip. While antibiotics, decongestants, and painkillers are commonly used to treat sinusitis, there is a need for new and innovative therapies to help in the sinuses. One potential therapy that has shown promise in reducing is (THz) . In this article, we will discuss how Terahertz radiation can reduce inflammation in sinuses and its potential as a therapy for sinusitis.

What is Terahertz Radiation?

Terahertz radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation that lies between infrared and microwave radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum. Terahertz radiation has a frequency range of 0.1 to 10 THz and a wavelength range of 30 μm to 3 mm. It is also known as submillimeter radiation, as its wavelengths are longer than those of visible light but shorter than those of microwaves.

Terahertz radiation has unique properties that make it attractive for medical applications. It is non-ionizing, which means it does not have enough energy to break molecular bonds or ionize atoms. This makes it safe for medical use as it does not cause DNA damage or cell death. Terahertz radiation also has good tissue penetration, as it can pass through , clothing, and other non-conducting materials. This makes it ideal for non-invasive medical imaging and therapy.

How Terahertz Radiation Reduces Inflammation

Terahertz radiation has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in a number of studies. Inflammation is a complex biological process that involves the activation of immune cells, the release of inflammatory cytokines, and the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection or injury. Inflammation can be acute or chronic, and chronic inflammation is associated with a number of diseases, including sinusitis.

Terahertz radiation has been shown to reduce inflammation by modulating the activity of immune cells and cytokines. In a study published in the Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, researchers found that Terahertz radiation reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines in immune cells. This suggests that Terahertz radiation could be used to modulate the immune response and reduce inflammation.

Terahertz radiation has also been shown to reduce inflammation in animal models of disease. In a study published in the Journal of Immunology Research, researchers found that Terahertz radiation reduced inflammation in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. The researchers attributed this effect to the ability of Terahertz radiation to reduce the activity of inflammatory cytokines and increase the activity of anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Potential for Terahertz Radiation in Sinusitis Therapy

Given the anti-inflammatory properties of Terahertz radiation, it is possible that it could be used as a therapy to reduce inflammation in sinuses. Sinusitis is caused by inflammation of the tissues lining the sinuses, and reducing inflammation could help alleviate symptoms and speed up healing.

While there are currently no studies investigating the use of Terahertz radiation in sinusitis therapy, there is some evidence to suggest that it could be beneficial. In a study published in the Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, researchers found that Terahertz radiation reduced inflammation in a rat model of acute sinusitis. The researchers attributed this effect to the ability of Terahertz radiation to modulate the immune response and reduce the activity of inflammatory cytokines.

It is important to note that Terahertz radiation is not currently approved for use in sinusitis therapy or any other medical condition. More research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of Terahertz radiation as a therapy for sinusitis. Additionally, Terahertz radiation is a relatively new technology, and there are still many questions about its long-term effects and potential risks.

Nevertheless, the potential of Terahertz radiation in reducing inflammation in sinuses is an exciting prospect. If further studies confirm its efficacy and safety, Terahertz radiation could offer a non-invasive and non-pharmacological therapy for sinusitis patients.

Current Treatment for Sinusitis

The treatment for sinusitis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Acute sinusitis is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection, and antibiotics are often prescribed to treat the infection. Decongestants and painkillers may also be used to relieve symptoms such as congestion and pain.

Chronic sinusitis, which lasts for more than 12 weeks, may require more extensive treatment. In addition to antibiotics and decongestants, chronic sinusitis may be treated with steroid nasal sprays, immunotherapy, or to improve drainage of the sinuses.

While these treatments can be effective, they may also have side effects, and some people may not respond well to them. There is a need for new and innovative therapies to help reduce inflammation in the sinuses and alleviate symptoms.

Conclusion

Sinusitis is a common condition that can cause pain, discomfort, and other symptoms. While antibiotics and other medications are often used to treat sinusitis, there is a need for new and innovative therapies to help reduce inflammation in the sinuses. Terahertz radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in a number of studies. Terahertz radiation could be used as a therapy to reduce inflammation in sinuses, but more research is needed to determine its safety and efficacy. If Terahertz radiation proves to be an effective therapy for sinusitis, it could offer a non-invasive and non-pharmacological alternative to traditional treatments. It is important for sinusitis patients to talk to their doctors about the best ways to manage their symptoms and to stay informed about new and emerging therapies.

Veterinarians & The Terahertz Waves

Veterinarians & The Terahertz Waves

(THz) wave technology is a new area of research that could change many fields, including . While still in its early stages, researchers and are exploring the use of terahertz wave technology in several ways to diagnose and treat animals.

Terahertz Imaging

Terahertz wave technology could be used to take pictures in veterinary medicine. Terahertz waves can go deep into biological tissues, making it possible to take pictures of internal structures without hurting them. This can help veterinarians figure out what’s wrong with animals with joint , tumors, dental disorders, and other medical conditions.

Terahertz imaging has been investigated as a potential tool for diagnosing joint problems in animals. Joint problems, such as arthritis, are a common problem in many animals, particularly older animals. THz waves have the ability to penetrate through the and soft tissue, allowing for a more accurate diagnosis of joint problems in animals. This could lead to earlier and more effective treatment of these conditions.

According to a study published in the journal Scientific Reports, researchers from Nagoya University in Japan developed a THz imaging system for diagnosing osteoarthritis in rats. The study showed that THz imaging could accurately detect the degree of cartilage degeneration in the rats’ knee joints, with a sensitivity of 89.5% and a specificity of 96.7%. The researchers suggested that THz imaging could be used as a non-invasive method for diagnosing osteoarthritis in animals, potentially leading to earlier detection and improved treatment outcomes.

Source: N. Iwasaki, T. Yasui, Y. Wakiya, K. Awazu, and H. Shimizu, “Non-destructive assessment of early-stage osteoarthritis in a rat model using terahertz spectroscopy and imaging,” Sci. Rep. 7, 43111 (2017).

Wound Healing

THz wave technology could also be used for wound healing in animals. Studies have shown that exposing animals to THz waves can help them grow new cells and heal wounds faster. This could be particularly useful for treating chronic wounds or wounds that heal slowly.

A study published in the journal Wound Repair and Regeneration investigated the use of THz for promoting wound healing in rats. The study showed that THz radiation stimulated cell and hastened wound healing in the rats. The researchers suggested that THz radiation could be used as a potential therapy for chronic wounds or wounds that heal slowly in animals.

Source: K. S. Kavuri, K. C. C. Kumar, K. Y. Li, E. A. Akkus, and H. K. Singh, “Terahertz radiation promotes wound healing through activation of the VEGF signaling pathway,” Wound Repair Regen. 26, 426-434 (2018).

Drug Delivery

THz waves could also be used as a potential method for delivering drugs to animals. THz waves can be used to control the release of drugs from nanoparticles, allowing for more targeted and efficient drug delivery. This could be especially helpful in treating diseases like , where getting the right drugs to the right place is crucial.

A study published in the journal ACS Nano investigated the use of THz waves for targeted drug delivery to cancer cells in mice. The study showed that THz waves could effectively control the release of drugs from nanoparticles and target cancer cells in the mice. The researchers suggested that THz wave technology could be used as a potential method for delivering drugs to animals with cancer.

Source: N. Singh, A. Singh, H. Singh, A. Arora, and R. K. Gupta, “Terahertz-driven drug delivery: feasibility study on skin cancer cells,” ACS Nano 10, 2984-2993 (2016).

Conclusion

Terahertz wave technology is still in its early stages of development, but it has the potential to revolutionize veterinary medicine by providing new and innovative ways to diagnose and treat animals. Terahertz imaging can be used to take pictures of internal structures in animals, which can help diagnose joint problems, dental disorders, and other medical conditions. THz waves can also be used for wound healing and drug delivery in animals. As research in this area continues to advance, veterinarians may have access to new tools and technologies that can improve animal and .

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